Corrugated Boxes Edge Crush Test (ECT): Understanding Its Importance

By Sofier Ju

Corrugated Boxes ECT– Edge Crush Test

There are currently two tests used throughout the corrugated industry to determine strength. Historically, the long-time industry standard has been the Bursting (Mullen) Test, which is related to the rough handling durability of corrugated material. Bursting Test is a measure of the force required to rupture or puncture the face of a corrugated board and is measured by a Mullen Tester. This force is indirectly related to a carton’s ability to withstand external or internal forces and thus to contain and protect a product during shipment. Bursting strength is reported in pounds (for example, 275#).

A newer standard that has achieved widespread acceptance is the Edge Crush Test (ECT). This is a true performance test and is directly related to the stacking strength of a carton. ECT is a measure of the edgewise compressive strength of the corrugated board. It is measured by compressing a small segment of the board on the edge between two rigid platens or plates perpendicular to the direction of the flutes until a peak load is established. This is measured in pounds per lineal inch of load-bearing edge (lb/in) but is usually reported as an ECT value (for example, 44 ECT).

	Bursting Test	Minimum Edge Crush Test	Maximum Load Per Carton
Standard	200#	32 ECT	40 lbs.
Heavy Duty	275#	44 ECT	65 lbs.
Heavy Duty – Double Wall	275#	48 ECT	80 lbs.

Here it is important to point out that the equivalent ECT values are given as a minimum value. This is because corrugators may use one of many different “recipes” to make each type of corrugated. Each makeup will vary slightly in overall strength. For example, differing formulas for a 200# single wall corrugated will cause the equivalent ECT board to vary between 32 ECT and 44 ECT. It is important to understand what type of corrugated you are using before deciding to substitute any equivalent.

For example, if you are shipping a product that weighs between 25-40 pounds, a 32 ECT single-wall carton should be sufficient, in most cases. If your carton is going to be subjected to severe handling, the 200# carton might be a better option. It would be equivalent to a carton with an ECT of 32 or higher, and the bursting test is more of a true measure of rough handling.

The fundamental difference between the two tests is that under the Burst Test, a minimum board basis weight is required. That is, the Burst Test requires that the base papers used to make corrugated fiberboard weigh at least a certain minimum number of pounds per given unit area. The ECT eliminated this requirement, which allows the use of lighter weight materials while still providing high performance. When you are comparing two identically sized cartons with equivalent strengths, one being Burst Test rated and one being ECT rated, the ECT rated carton will weigh less. In other words the ECT rated carton will use less corrugated material.

For example compare a 275# single wall to an equivalent 44 ECT single wall corrugated board. On average, the 275# Burst Test rated single wall carton will weigh 175 pounds per 1000 square feet of material used. An equivalent 44 ECT rated single wall carton will weigh on average 149 pounds per 1000 square feet of material used. The 44 ECT board will reduce the material used by 14.8%.

Put differently, the proper ECT-rated corrugated provides an equivalent level of strength, but uses less material. This translates into fewer raw materials, lower energy requirements, and reduced pollution, in all stages of the package’s life cycle. Combining lighter materials in a properly sized carton with increasing amounts of recycled content means ECT rated corrugated reduces waste even further.

Corrugated boxes are widely used in the packaging industry due to their durability and strength. To ensure their quality and ability to withstand pressure, the Edge Crush Test (ECT) is used. The ECT measures the amount of force a corrugated box can withstand before it collapses.

The ECT is an essential test for manufacturers and suppliers of corrugated boxes. It helps to determine the strength of the box and its ability to withstand pressure during transportation and storage. The ECT also helps to ensure that the box meets the required industry standards and regulations. With the use of ECT, manufacturers can make necessary adjustments to improve the quality of their corrugated boxes, ensuring that they can withstand the rigors of the supply chain.

In summary, the ECT is a crucial test for the packaging industry, ensuring that corrugated boxes are strong enough to withstand the pressures of transportation and storage. It is an essential tool for manufacturers and suppliers to guarantee that their products meet industry standards and regulations.

Understanding Corrugated Boxes ECT

Corrugated boxes are commonly used for packaging and shipping goods. They are made of corrugated paperboard, which consists of a fluted paper sheet glued to one or more flat linerboards. The flutes provide cushioning and strength to the box, while the liner boards provide a smooth surface for printing and labeling.

The strength of a corrugated box is determined by its Edge Crush Test (ECT) rating. ECT measures the amount of force required to crush a box from its edge. A higher ECT rating indicates a stronger box that can withstand more weight and pressure.

Corrugated boxes come in different sizes and styles to suit different types of products and shipping needs. Some common styles include:

Regular slotted container (RSC): the most common box style with flaps that meet in the middle and can be taped shut
Full overlap container (FOL): a box with flaps that fully overlap to provide extra strength and protection
Half-slotted container (HSC): a box with only one set of flaps that can be closed with tape or staples
Die-cut container: a box with a custom shape that is cut and scored from a single piece of corrugated board

When selecting a corrugated box, it is important to consider the weight and fragility of the product being shipped, as well as the shipping conditions and handling requirements. A box that is too weak or too large can lead to damage or breakage of the product, while a box that is too strong or too small can result in unnecessary material and shipping costs.

Overall, understanding the basics of corrugated boxes and their ECT rating can help ensure safe and efficient packaging and shipping of goods.

Edge Crush Test: An Overview

The Edge Crush Test (ECT) is a standard measure of the strength and durability of corrugated boxes. It measures the amount of pressure a box can withstand before it buckles or collapses. The ECT is widely used in the packaging industry to determine the suitability of a box for a particular application.

The ECT is a measure of the box’s ability to resist crushing forces from the sides. It is determined by applying pressure to the edge of a box until it collapses. The result is expressed in pounds per inch (lb/in) of width. The higher the ECT value, the stronger the box.

The ECT value is calculated by dividing the force required to crush the box by the width of the box. The resulting value is then compared to a standard chart to determine the ECT rating of the box. This rating is used to determine the box’s stacking strength and ability to withstand rough handling during shipping.

The ECT is an important factor to consider when selecting a corrugated box for shipping or storage. It helps ensure that the box can withstand the rigors of the supply chain and protect the contents from damage. The ECT rating is also used to determine the maximum weight that can be safely packed in a box.

In summary, the Edge Crush Test is a standard measure of the strength and durability of corrugated boxes. It is an important factor to consider when selecting a box for shipping or storage. A higher ECT value indicates a stronger box that can withstand more pressure and rough handling.

Importance of Edge Crush Test

The Edge Crush Test (ECT) is a crucial test for corrugated boxes. It measures the stacking strength of a box by determining how much pressure it can withstand before collapsing. ECT is an essential factor in determining the suitability of a box for various applications. Here are some reasons why ECT is important:

Ensures product protection: The ECT helps ensure that the box can protect the product during shipping and handling. If a box is not strong enough, it can collapse, causing damage to the product inside. By testing the ECT, manufacturers can determine the appropriate box strength for the product they are shipping.
Reduces shipping costs: The ECT helps reduce shipping costs by allowing manufacturers to use the appropriate box strength for their products. Using a box that is too strong is wasteful and expensive, while using a box that is too weak can result in product damage and returns. By testing the ECT, manufacturers can find the optimal box strength, reducing shipping costs and increasing efficiency.
Improves sustainability: The ECT helps improve sustainability by reducing waste and conserving resources. By using the appropriate box strength, manufacturers can reduce the amount of material needed for each box, reducing waste and conserving resources. This not only benefits the environment but also helps manufacturers save money in the long run.

In conclusion, the ECT is a critical test for corrugated boxes. It helps ensure product protection, reduce shipping costs, and improve sustainability. By testing the ECT, manufacturers can find the optimal box strength for their products, making shipping more efficient and cost-effective.

Procedure of Edge Crush Test

The Edge Crush Test (ECT) is a widely used test to measure the stacking strength of corrugated boxes. The test is performed to evaluate the ability of the box to resist crushing when stacked under compression. The procedure of the Edge Crush Test is as follows:

First, the test specimen is prepared by cutting a rectangular sample from the box. The length of the rectangular sample should be equal to the circumference of the box, and the width should be equal to the width of the box.
The sample is then placed on the ECT machine with the flutes perpendicular to the direction of the compression plates.
The compression plates are then brought together at a constant speed until the sample collapses. The force required to crush the sample is recorded in pounds per inch (lb/in).
The ECT value is calculated by dividing the recorded force by the width of the sample. The result is expressed in pounds per inch (lb/in).
The test is repeated on at least five samples, and the average ECT value is calculated.

It is important to note that the ECT value is only one of the factors that determine the stacking strength of a corrugated box. Other factors, such as the box design, the type of corrugated material used, and the manufacturing process, also play a crucial role in determining the stacking strength of a box.

In conclusion, the Edge Crush Test is a reliable and widely used method for measuring the stacking strength of corrugated boxes. The procedure is straightforward and provides valuable information about the ability of a box to resist crushing when stacked under compression.

Interpreting Edge Crush Test Results

When conducting an Edge Crush Test (ECT) on corrugated boxes, it is essential to understand how to interpret the results. The ECT measures the stacking strength of a box, which is the amount of weight it can hold before it collapses. The higher the ECT value, the stronger the box.

The ECT value is typically printed on the bottom of the box. It is expressed in pounds per inch (lb/in) and represents the amount of force required to crush the edge of the box. For example, a box with an ECT value of 32 lb/in can withstand a force of 32 pounds per inch before collapsing.

When interpreting ECT results, it is important to consider the weight of the contents and the intended use of the box. For example, a box with a high ECT value may be suitable for heavy items, but it may not be necessary for lighter items. On the other hand, a box with a low ECT value may not be suitable for heavy items, but it may be perfectly adequate for lighter items.

It is also important to note that the ECT value is not the only factor to consider when selecting a corrugated box. Other factors, such as the Burst Strength (BS) and the Box Compression Test (BCT), should also be taken into account.

In summary, interpreting ECT results involves understanding the stacking strength of a box and considering the weight of the contents and intended use of the box. While the ECT value is an important factor to consider, it should not be the only factor when selecting a corrugated box.

Applications of Edge Crush Test in Industries

The Edge Crush Test (ECT) is a reliable and widely used method to measure the strength of corrugated boxes. The ECT is an essential test for industries that rely on corrugated boxes for packaging and transportation. The ECT is used to determine the stacking strength of corrugated boxes, which is crucial for ensuring the safe transportation and storage of products.

Industries that use corrugated boxes for packaging and transportation rely on the ECT to ensure that their products reach their destination safely. The ECT is widely used in the following industries:

Food and Beverage Industry

The food and beverage industry is one of the largest users of corrugated boxes for packaging and transportation. The ECT is used to ensure that the boxes can withstand the rigors of transportation and storage, and that the products inside are not damaged.

Pharmaceutical Industry

The pharmaceutical industry relies on corrugated boxes for the safe transportation of medicines and medical supplies. The ECT is used to ensure that the boxes can withstand the weight of the products and that they do not collapse during transportation.

Retail Industry

The retail industry is another major user of corrugated boxes for packaging and transportation. The ECT is used to ensure that the boxes can withstand the weight of the products and that they do not collapse during transportation and storage.

Manufacturing Industry

The manufacturing industry uses corrugated boxes to transport raw materials and finished products. The ECT is used to ensure that the boxes can withstand the weight of the products and that they do not collapse during transportation.

In conclusion, the ECT is a crucial test for industries that rely on corrugated boxes for packaging and transportation. The ECT ensures that the boxes can withstand the rigors of transportation and storage, and that the products inside are not damaged.

Factors Influencing Corrugated Boxes ECT Edge Crush Test Results

Several factors can influence the Edge Crush Test (ECT) results of corrugated boxes. The following are some of the significant factors that affect the ECT results.

Flute Size

The flute size of corrugated boxes significantly affects the ECT results. The larger the flute size, the higher the ECT value. Therefore, boxes with larger flute sizes are stronger and can withstand more pressure than those with smaller flute sizes.

Linerboard Material

The linerboard material used in corrugated boxes also affects the ECT results. Boxes made of high-quality linerboard materials, such as virgin kraft paper, have higher ECT values than those made of recycled materials. The quality of the linerboard material can also affect the box’s compression strength.

Box Design

The design of the box can also influence the ECT results. Boxes with a better design, such as those with more flutes or thicker linerboard, can withstand more pressure and have higher ECT values. The box’s size and shape can also affect the ECT results.

Moisture Content

The moisture content of the box can also affect the ECT results. Boxes with high moisture content tend to have lower ECT values than those with low moisture content. High humidity levels can also affect the ECT results.

Manufacturing Process

The manufacturing process can also influence the ECT results. Boxes manufactured using high-quality processes tend to have higher ECT values than those made using substandard processes. The quality of the adhesive used in the manufacturing process can also affect the ECT results.

In conclusion, several factors can influence the ECT results of corrugated boxes. Therefore, it is essential to consider these factors when designing and manufacturing corrugated boxes to ensure that they meet the required standards.

Edge Crush Test Standards

The Edge Crush Test (ECT) is a widely accepted measure of the strength of corrugated boxes. The ECT value is obtained by applying a force perpendicular to the edge of the box until it collapses. The test is conducted in accordance with industry standards to ensure that boxes meet the required strength specifications.

The most commonly used standards for ECT testing are the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). These standards provide guidelines for testing procedures, equipment, and calculations to ensure consistent and accurate results.

ISO 3037:2013 specifies the test method for determining the ECT of a flat rectangular specimen of corrugated fibreboard. The standard outlines the equipment required for the test, the dimensions of the specimen, and the testing procedure. It also provides guidelines for calculating the ECT value based on the force required to crush the specimen.

ASTM D642-18 is the standard test method for determining the ECT of a corrugated box. The standard specifies the testing equipment, specimen dimensions, and testing procedure. It also provides guidelines for calculating the ECT value based on the force required to crush the box.

In addition to ISO and ASTM standards, there are also industry-specific standards such as the Fibre Box Association (FBA) and the European Federation of Corrugated Board Manufacturers (FEFCO). These standards provide additional guidelines for testing corrugated boxes for specific industries and applications.

Overall, adherence to ECT standards is essential to ensure the strength and durability of corrugated boxes. By following these guidelines, manufacturers can produce boxes that meet the required strength specifications and provide reliable protection for their contents during shipping and handling.

Advantages of Corrugated Boxes ECT Edge Crush Test

The Edge Crush Test (ECT) is a widely used method for measuring the strength of corrugated boxes. It is a reliable and accurate way to determine the ability of a box to resist crushing forces from all sides. Here are some of the advantages of using the ECT:

1. Accurate measurement of box strength

The ECT provides an accurate measurement of the strength of a box. It measures the force required to crush the edges of a box rather than the top-to-bottom compression force. This makes it a more accurate way to measure the strength of a box as it takes into account the strength of the box’s edges, which are often the weakest point.

2. Consistent results

The ECT is a standardized test method, which means that it is performed in the same way every time. This ensures that the results are consistent and reliable, making it easier for manufacturers to compare the strength of different boxes and ensure that they meet their customers’ requirements.

3. Predictive of box performance

The ECT is a good predictor of box performance in the field. Boxes with higher ECT values are more likely to survive the rigors of shipping and handling without damage. This means that manufacturers can use the ECT to design boxes that will protect their products during transit, reducing the risk of damage and improving customer satisfaction.

4. Cost-effective

The ECT is a cost-effective way to measure box strength. It is relatively simple and quick to perform, and does not require expensive equipment or specialized training. This makes it accessible to a wide range of manufacturers, regardless of their size or budget.

In conclusion, the Edge Crush Test (ECT) is a reliable and accurate method for measuring the strength of corrugated boxes. It provides consistent results, is predictive of box performance, and is cost-effective. Manufacturers can use the ECT to design boxes that will protect their products during transit, reducing the risk of damage and improving customer satisfaction.

Limitations of Edge Crush Test

While the Edge Crush Test (ECT) is a widely used method to measure the strength of corrugated boxes, it has some limitations that should be taken into consideration.

Firstly, the ECT only measures the strength of the edges of the box. This means that the test does not account for the strength of the box’s faces or the adhesive used to hold the box together. Therefore, a box with a high ECT value may still fail if the faces or adhesive are not strong enough.

Secondly, the ECT test does not account for the effect of moisture on the box’s strength. Corrugated boxes are often exposed to moisture during transportation or storage, and this can weaken the box’s strength. Therefore, a box with a high ECT value may still fail if it is exposed to moisture.

Thirdly, the ECT test does not account for the effect of shock or impact on the box’s strength. During transportation, boxes can experience shock or impact that can weaken their strength. Therefore, a box with a high ECT value may still fail if it is subjected to shock or impact during transportation.

Lastly, the ECT test does not account for the effect of stacking on the box’s strength. When boxes are stacked on top of each other, the weight of the boxes on top can compress the boxes at the bottom, and this can weaken their strength. Therefore, a box with a high ECT value may still fail if it is subjected to stacking during transportation or storage.

Overall, while the ECT test is a useful method to measure the strength of corrugated boxes, it has some limitations that should be taken into consideration when selecting boxes for transportation or storage.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Edge Crush Test (ECT) is an important measure of the strength and durability of corrugated boxes. It is a reliable method that helps to ensure that boxes are able to withstand the rigors of shipping and handling.

Through the use of specialized equipment, the ECT measures the amount of force required to crush the edges of a corrugated box. This information can be used to determine the maximum weight that a box can safely hold, as well as its overall strength and durability.

By using the ECT, manufacturers can ensure that their boxes meet industry standards and are able to withstand the demands of the supply chain. This helps to reduce the likelihood of damage to products during shipping, which can save both time and money for businesses.

Overall, the Edge Crush Test is an essential tool for anyone involved in the packaging industry. It provides valuable information about the strength and durability of corrugated boxes, and helps to ensure that products are able to arrive at their destination safely and intact.